புதன், 30 அக்டோபர், 2019
ஒத்த செருப்பு – திரை விமர்சனம்
புதன், 9 அக்டோபர், 2019
The Concept of Place and Time in Tolkāppiyam and Aristotle’s Physics
Tamil Bharathan T K
M. Phil. Scholar in Tamil
Centre of Indian Languages / School of Language
Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi
09.10.2019
The Concept of Place and Time in Tolkāppiyam and Aristotle’s Physics
A
common perception,
supposed to have no connection between “Space and
Time”. However, there existing a scientific
perception about the concept of “Physical Space”, which is conceived as “Place”.
The “Physical Space” is an unlimited expanse of the universe, in which all
material objects are located and all phenomena occur. The concept of “Place and
Time” has been discussed in the ancient civilization of Tamil and Greek. The
present paper is an introductory part of the basic understanding of the notions
of “Place and Time”. We have taken two works – Tolkāppiyam
from Tamil and Aristotle’s Physics from Greek. These two works speak elaborately
about “Place and Time”.
Tolkāppiyam
Tolkāppiyam is a comprehensive treatise of
linguistics and poetics in Tamil. It is the earliest extant grammar in Tamil.
It is supposed to have been written by Tolkāppiyar and named after him. There
are different views about the date of Tolkāppiyam. Some scholars speculated that it belongs to the
period of before Christ. It is undated but not outdated. Most of
the Scholars tend to place it before Caṅkam literature.
Recently, Kīḻaṭi
excavation report was published by Archaeological
Department of Tamilnadu.
It reveals that “the sample collected
at the depth of 353cm goes back to end of the 6th century BCE. As
there is a considerable deposit below the dated layer and also above the
layers, the Kīḻaṭi
cultural deposit could be safely dated between 6th century BCE and 1st
century CE” (2019:8). It is a turning point in the cultural historiography of Caṅkam age. Hence, Tolkāppiyam
probably dates before the Caṅkam
age.
Tolkāppiyam as such, seems to be a synthesis of
all that had been practiced and recorded by the best of his predecessors, as
well as the contemporary linguistic realities. It is necessary to have a look
into the structure and organization of this magnum opus in Tamil. It
contains 1602 verses
in the formulaic structure called nūṟpā, which are extremely condensed
statements of norms and conventions (2001: ix). It is divided into three major
sections.
1.
Phonological aspects of language (483 verses)
2.
Morphological aspect of language (463 verses)
3.
Glossed as content, deals with the formulation
and study of the principles of literary production (656 verses)
Each
section is comprised of nine chapters, marked as it is by a perfect symmetry of
organization. Particularly, in the third section, poruḷatikāram, treat
of the materials and structuring of akam and puṟam literature,
the science of creativity, theories of literature, theory of emotions, prosody,
imagery, rhetoric, sociology and psychology of literature, etc. First chapter
of poruḷatikāram is akattiṇaiyiyal. This chapter deals with the
general theory of akam theme. Akam stands for the intimate love
relationship between a man and a woman. Tolkāppiyam describes the
relationship with reference of place and time too.
Aristotle’s
Physics
Aristotle (384 – 322 BCE) is one of the greatest philosophers of
ancient Greek. He made pioneering contributions to all fields of philosophy and
science. He invented the field of formal logic. He wrote extensively on a wide
variety of subjects including logic, metaphysics, ethics and politics. We do
not know their order of compositions.
The word “Physics” is a transliteration of
Aristotle’s Greek and not a translation. The proper translation would be “On Nature”.
Aristotle’s many writings fall under this general heading “On Nature”. Although
the physics is Aristotle’s prologue to natural science, he is writing here as
philosopher, and not as we would expect a scientist to write. Aristotle’s
physics initiates that tradition, and that its contribution remained a dominant
influence until the 17th century when Galileo and others founded the
modern physics. Aristotle focuses the problem and finds the philosophical
solution. In this work, he discusses the concepts of nature. The work is in eight books,
1. The
principles of nature
2. The
study of nature
3. Change,
infinity
4. Place,
void, time
5. Change
6. Continuity
7. Various
points about change
8. The
eternal and unchanging cause of all change
In
this above work, the Book 4 “Place,
void,
time”
speaks about the place and time. Place
and time were divided as different chapters by later period editors.
Place
and Time
Aristotle said
that “if place is none of these three – form,
matter, and some kind of unchanging extension over and above the extension of
the displaced object” (2008:87). For instance, a vessel can move from place to place,
but place cannot move as a vessel. However, the place of things is not the same
as the world; their place is a part of the world, a limit, which is in contact
with the movable body. And so earth is in water, water is in air, air is in
fire, and fire is in the heavens.
Aristotle,
in the Book 4, defined time as the number of changes with respect to before and
after the place of an object as the innermost motionless boundary of which
surrounds it. What is worth considering is the prevalent idea that time is variation and
change. Now, the change of anything exists only in
the thing that is being changed, or where that changing thing happens to be.
On
applying the concept of “place
and time” in Tolkāppiyam
on Aristotle’s concept of “place
and time”. Tolkāppiyam
divide topography of Tamil land as five major divisions.
Kuṟiñci - hills and its surrounding area
Mullai - forest and its surrounding area
Marutam - agricultural and its surrounding area
Neytal - sea and its surrounding area
Pālai - desert and its surrounding
area
He
develops the division of land as tiṇai concept which identifies three
components, mutal, karu and uri in akam poem. Mutal
and karu constitute the background while uri deals with the
emotional aspect.
Mutal
- mutal
or primary object is later defined as the description of land and time.
Karu - karu is
the description of representative tokens of an assigned land at a particular
time.
Uri - uri
is the emotional manifestation of love pertaining to a particular division.
“mutaleṉap
paṭuvatu nilam poḻutu iraṇṭiṉ
iyalpeṉa moḻipa iyalpuṇarn tōrē”
‘Mutal’ is
the nature of the land type and time, say, those who know the nature of things.
(akat.4) (2010:6). Nilam - it is the division of the earth; poḻutu
– this denotes the time segment. From later nūṟpā it is evident that
time is of two kinds – one based on the seasons of the year and the other based
on the different periods of the day. The former is known as perumpoḻutu (larger
time segment) and the latter as ciṟupoḻutu (smaller time segment) .
All
of these are merged with human life as human emotions reflect on the land basis
and time basis. In earlier Tamil
civilzation,
every major five land divisions had individual day and year time segments,
based on emotional aspect uri.
Land |
Day time segment (4 hours) |
Year time segment
(2months) |
Love
theme (Emotional aspect) |
Kuṟiñci - hills and its surrounding area |
Midnight |
Cold winter, also dewy
season |
Union |
Mullai -
forest and its surrounding area |
Evening |
Rainy season |
Endurance of wife in separation |
Marutam -
agricultural and its surrounding area |
Early dawn (2am - 6am & 6am -10am) |
All six season |
Sulking |
Neytal -
sea and its surrounding area |
Sunset |
All six seasons |
Pining |
Pālai -
desert and its surrounding area |
Midday |
Early summer, Late summer,
later dewy season |
Separation |
Conclusion
In the Greek
civilization,
many thinkers discussed the concept of place and time. Aristotle philosophically explicated time and place through his
work “Physics”. In Tamil, Tolkāppiyam also
dealt with place and time through five divisions of land. In ancient Caṅkam literature
like akam
poems
is based on the place itself, while place reveals emotional feelings and on the
time. Hence, Tamil and Greek civilization attributes to both time and
place.
Notes
and References
Gloria Sundaramathy. L & Indra Manuel, Tolkāppiyam
- Poruḷatikāram.
Thiruvananthapuram: International School
of Dravidian Linguistics, 2010.
Kandasamy, S.N., Kirēkka Ilakkiyam Pakuti 1. Thanjavur: Tamil
University, 2014.
Murugan, V., Tolkāppiyam
in English. Chennai: Institute of Asian Studies, 2001.
Rajan K. (critical editor), KEELADI
- An
urban settlement of Sangam
age on the banks of river Vaigai.
Chennai: Department of Archaeology,
2019.
Robin Waterfield (Trans.), Aristotle Physics. New York:
Oxford World’s
Classics,
2008.